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The automated external defibrillator (AED) is one of the most crucial advancements in emergency medicine. Its primary function is to restore a normal heart rhythm to individuals experiencing sudden cardiac arrest (SCA).

The portable device, which analyzes the heart鈥檚 rhythm and delivers an electric shock, if necessary, has significantly increased the survival rates of people experiencing life-threatening arrhythmias.

The AED鈥檚 journey from concept to modern use is a fascinating tale of medical innovation, collaboration and lifesaving success.

Discovering defibrillation

The idea of defibrillation 鈥� using an electrical shock to reset the heart鈥檚 rhythm 鈥� dates back to the late 19th century. In 1899, physiologists Jean-Louis Pr茅vost and Fr茅d茅ric Battelli discovered that electric shocks could either induce or reverse ventricular fibrillation in animals. This finding laid the foundation for the concept that electricity could 鈥渞eset鈥� the heart.

Photo/NIH

However, it wasn鈥檛 until 1947 that defibrillation was first used successfully in humans. Claude Beck, an American cardiac surgeon, is credited with performing the on a 14-year-old boy during open-heart surgery. Beck鈥檚 pioneering work demonstrated that electrical shocks could effectively treat certain cardiac conditions, even if the procedure required large, cumbersome equipment.

Moving to portable defibrillators

While defibrillation was proven effective, the devices were massive, primarily confined to hospital operating rooms. This limitation led to high mortality rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. In the early 1960s, , a cardiologist from Belfast, Ireland, began to address this issue. Known as the 鈥淔ather of Emergency Medicine,鈥� Pantridge introduced the concept of mobile defibrillation by equipping ambulances with portable defibrillators. His first model, introduced in 1965, weighed over 150 pounds and required a car battery for power, but it marked a revolutionary step in pre-hospital emergency care.

Pantridge鈥檚 vision paved the way for the development of the modern AED. Through the 1970s and 1980s, advancements in electronics and medical engineering led to lighter, more portable, and user-friendly defibrillators. However, these devices were still primarily used by paramedics and physicians until further innovations made them accessible to the general public.

Introduction of the AED

The modern AED, designed for use by laypeople with little or no medical training, began to take shape in the late 1980s. These devices were equipped with automated algorithms that could analyze a patient鈥檚 heart rhythm, allowing non-medical personnel to deliver a shock safely and effectively if needed. Early AED models came with voice prompts and visual instructions, guiding users through each step of the process.

The first commercially successful AEDs became widely available in the early 1990s. They were compact, battery-powered, and equipped with adhesive pads that replaced the paddle systems used in hospital defibrillators. The most significant breakthrough was the device鈥檚 ability to determine whether defibrillation was necessary, eliminating the need for users to make clinical decisions.

The growing awareness of SCA鈥檚 prevalence and the life-saving potential of defibrillators led to initiatives to place AEDs in public spaces. By the mid-1990s, major public venues, such as airports, sports arenas, and shopping malls, began to install AEDs. The idea was that trained staff or even bystanders could intervene during the critical minutes before paramedics arrive, significantly improving the odds of survival. Public-access defibrillation programs soon became standard in many countries.

One of the of public-access AEDs occurred in 2001 at Chicago鈥檚 O鈥橦are International Airport. A traveler collapsed due to cardiac arrest, and airport personnel used an AED to revive him. This high-profile incident played a crucial role in pushing the movement to install AEDs in airports, malls, and other high-traffic public spaces worldwide.

| 馃挕 DID YOU KNOW? There are AEDs in space! Starting , NASA ensures that astronauts have access to AEDs aboard the International Space Station and other space missions. These devices are compact enough to handle the rigors of space travel, ensuring that even in zero gravity, life-saving defibrillation is possible. Bonus: Check out this demonstration of how astronauts perform CPR while in space:

Legal and regulatory changes

As AEDs became more widespread, legal frameworks emerged to protect individuals who used them in emergency situations. Good Samaritan laws, introduced in the late 1990s and early 2000s, shield non-medical rescuers from liability, provided they act in good faith. These protections were essential for encouraging laypeople to step in and use AEDs during emergencies without fear of legal repercussions.

Many countries have also passed laws mandating the installation of AEDs in certain public and private buildings. In the U.S., for instance, some states require AEDs in schools, gyms, and office buildings, while several European countries have set similar standards for large public venues.

Damar Hamlin: The 鈥榤ost watched SCA鈥� in history

In Januar 2023, Buffalo Bills safety Damar Hamlin collapsed from sudden cardiac arrest after a tackle during a Monday Night Football game against the Cincinnati Bengals in 2023. Medical personnel performed CPR and used an AED on the field, saving his life. The incident prompted widespread discussion about player safety in the NFL and reinforced the importance of having AEDs at sports venues.

Read more:

• Takeaways from the 鈥榤ost-watched cardiac arrest in the history of humankind鈥�
• Rapid Response: Paramedics get ROSC as world watches NFL player鈥檚 on-field treatment
• 鈥極utstanding response鈥�: EMS praised for quick treatment of downed Buffalo Bills player
• Exit strategy: Emergency response to Damar Hamlin resonates with racing鈥檚 safety teams

An invaluable, life-saving tool

The AED has transformed the landscape of emergency medical care, saving countless lives worldwide. From its humble beginnings as a bulky, hospital-based tool to a portable, user-friendly device available in schools, airports and major sports venues, the AED鈥檚 evolution is a testament to the power of innovation in healthcare. By making defibrillation accessible to both medical professionals and laypeople alike, those suffering sudden cardiac arrest have a higher chance of survival and recovery.

Watch: Saving Damar Hamlin